A Brief Note On Environmental Injustice And Fracking

Courtney Kennedy October 8, 2015 Environmental Injustice and Fracking Recently, North Carolina has been conducting pilot studies to determine whether or not hydraulic fracturing should be pursued in the state’s shale beds, a topic that causes much polarized debate. Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as â€Å"fracking,† uses water, sand, and chemicals to release natural gas from as far as 10,000 feet below the Earth’s surface. Supporters of fracking claim that natural gas is an ideal â€Å"bridge fuel† as the energy industry moves from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and argue that the practice benefits the environment and the economy. Nonetheless, while hydraulic fracking does provide an intriguing option for†¦show more content†¦Proponents of fracking argue that in a society so dependent on energy, natural gas represents the future as industry strives to move away from natural gas. In the pro-fracking documentary Truthland, John Hanger, former Secretary of the Pennsy lvania Department of Environmental Protection, admits that while there is no â€Å"perfect† solution to the energy crisis, natural gas is a good alternative because it is a â€Å"much cleaner burning fuel than coal or oil, which are our two main alternatives† (Truthland 2012). A cleaner energy source means __________. Furthermore, replacing coal with natural gas reduces plants’ greenhouse emissions by up to 50% (Engelder 2011). Therefore, transitioning into a world with more energy derived from natural gas would decrease the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. In addition, fracking also provides economic benefits. The Marcellus Shale Formation, which stretches across the Appalachian Basin, supplies 385 million cubic meters of natural gas daily, an amount equal to half of all gas burned in American power plants (Inman 2014). More access to American natural gas means less of a dependency on foreign oil, which could help stimulate the United States economy as a w hole. In fact, the American gas industry accounts for â€Å"$385 billion in direct economic activity and nearly 3 million jobs† (Engelder 2011). Further developing the fracking industry in America

Different Disciplines Of Sports And Exercise Essay

Different disciplines are kept in check by different governing bodies. These governing bodies make sure practitioners are correct in practice and state what they can and cannot do. There are many different disciplines within sport and exercise science and they all have different approaches to improve sporting performance and health. Governing body’s reason for existence is to set out policies and rules within an institution to make sure practitioners are morally ethically and legally correct. Governing bodies may be statutory; this means that their policies must be followed as it is a legal requirement. If these procedures are not followed than the practitioner can be disqualified from practice or can be sued or possible jailed. There are many different governing bodies for different disciplines. BASEM (British association of sport and exercise medicine) is one governing body and covers multi disciplines of doctors and health care professionals. The Association aims to help support and educate to all healthcare professionals who are involved in looking after athletes and individuals competing, or aspiring to compete, regular physical activity at all levels. Adapted from (www.basem.co.uk). Another governing body is BASES (the British association of sport and exercise science) whose role is to promote excellence in sport and exercise sciences (www.bases.org.uk). The three main disciplines Bases cover is biomechanics, physiology and psychology. One more governing body isShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Sport and Exercise Psychology Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesSport and exercise psychology is a mandatory aspect of the sport science discipline. This discipline contributes to the various professional practices associated with physical activities such as - teaching of physical education, recreation and health promotion, and kinesiology related professions - because it plays a mental role for the participants. 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Foundations of Christian World View †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Christian World View. Answer: Introduction: In Christian faith the supreme power, God is referred as Father, it is evident in the holy bible. God created the world and hence he is considered as the father of all the creation. In the book of Genesis, the story of how God created the world in seven days is mentioned. He created Man and then women and gave them authority to rule over all the other living beings. Christianity as a religion was followed after the death and resurrection of Christ, when his disciples spread throughout the world. The basis of Christianity is the teachings of Jesus Christ who came always taught his followers to love one another. As per the Christian faith Jesus was the son of God and was sent by the Father to the world, that is how the supreme creator is referred in bible. All this point to the fact as per Christianity God is a male some theologizes even say that God is a female but the most important thing is that gender is for human beings and not for the creator. He is not a human being, the fact the idea of God and is beyond the human knowledge so God is often defined the way people think God to be. According to theologians the relationship of God is similar to that of a parent and a child. Christians consider God as almighty, which means that everything is possible for God. Even it has been in bible that With God all things are possible, one should have faith. Jesus has always put emphasis on the fact that pray the father almighty and everything would be given to you. Bible teaches its followers to love and forgive one another as God forgave the sins of Mankind and send his only son to the world to suffer for the sins of human beings. Love and forgiveness are two most important things in Christianity, which all the followers who have faith in God must practice. Conclusion: I believe that God is beyond our definition, it is very difficult for human knowledge to describe God. He is the supreme power, all things are possible for him. We can read about God from bible but knowing him would require a great deal of reflection. Although bible has given me a great deal of insight about the Father, who is the creator of the world according to the Christian faith. I can get a depth knowledge about God, his son Jesus and the holy spirit if I read the bible completely. All I have learned that the father, the son and the holy spirit are three forms of the one supreme God, he send his only son to the world to save the human beings. I came to know that the wages of sin is death as per the bible. The human beings were committing sins and so God sent his son to the world.

Johnny Tremain Mr Lorne Essays - Matchmaker.com, Johnny Tremain

Johnny Tremain: Mr Lorne Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! [an error occurred while processing this directive] Johnny Tremain: Mr Lorne After reading the book Johnny Tremain, How would you describe Mr. Lorne? You would probably say that he is a friendly man that helps out other people. He runs a newspaper, called the Boston Observer , in the colony of Massachusetts where he lives. The newspaper is well known and popular in the colony. Mr. Lorne is a fine looking man who is liked throughout the colony. When Johnny Tremain's hand was burned, and he couldn't find a job anywhere else, Mr. Lorne hired him at the Boston Observer. Mr. Lorne didn't care that his hand was burned. He let Johnny ride one of his horses and deliver the newspapers. Mr. Lorne is a helpful person when other people need help for one reason or another. He is caring and friendly, and has many talents that make him successful in life. Mr. Lorne works and owns a newspaper called the Boston Observer. The newspaper is well known around Boston and has a good reputation. He makes a good living off the profitable newspaper. Mr. Lorne is a Whig, which means he doesn't like the king, and wants to be free from Great Britain. The Whigs meet regularly at the Boston Observer to discuss plans to make America a free country. He is respected by the people of Boston and is a popular citizen. If you saw Mr. Lorne in person, you could describe him in many different ways. You would notice that he is very handsome . He is not rich, but makes a good living, so he dresses like any other middle class person in Boston. His blue eyes match almost perfectly with his dark blond hair. All of these traits make him a fine looking man. Since he is such a well liked and skilled person it is hard to name all of his qualities. His blue eyes and blond hair make him a handsome man. It is a wonder why he isn't married. He owns his own newspaper because he is a skilled hard worker. If you knew him well, you would say that he is one of the most caring and friendly person you will probably meet in a long time. [an error occurred while processing this directive] The Linknation Network

Documents in the Revenue Cycle List Example

Documents in the Revenue Cycle List Example Documents in the Revenue Cycle List – Coursework Example Accounting Internally and Externally generated documents in the revenue cycle list are as under: Internally Generated Documents Sales Order SalesInvoice Credit Memo Picking Ticket Packing Slip Monthly Statement Remittance List Externally Generated Documents Customer Order Bill of Lading Remittance Advice 2. Internally Generated Document No. of Copies & Departments where the copies are sent Purpose of each copy Sales Order Copies Required: 3 1.Accounts Department 2 Warehouse and Shipping department 4.Customer 1.For Preparing Sales Invoice and authorizing customer credit 2.Preparing Shipping Advice, Stamping with date of shipping, and Releasing goods to carrier 3. Confirmation of order Sales Invoice Copies Required: 3 1.Customer 2.Book keeper 3.Accounts Department copy 1Copy to customer along with delivery through carrier 2.For matching with confirmed sales order from customer 3. For recording sales in books through sales journal, Credit Memo Copies Required: 2 1 Book Keeper 2. For Record 1. To prepare Sales Invoice on basis credit memo report of customer. 2. For future reference Picking Ticket Copies Required: 2 1. Warehouse 2. Shipping Department 1. For picking and making entries in stock bins & registers 2. For delivering goods to carrier. Packing Slip Copies Required: 3 1. Customer 2. Accounts Department 3. Warehouse 1. Along with delivery through carrier 2. To contra check quantity of goods sold with invoice 3. For goods issued for sales recording in stock registers Monthly Statement Copies Required: 2 1.Credit Control department 2.Management 1. For reminders to delayed accounts receivables 2.As a periodic report for management decision making Remittance List Copies Required: 2 1.Collection Department 2. Accounts Department 1. To be prepared by collection department for posting in Cash Rec. Journal and counter checking of bank deposit slips. 2.For posting in Subsidiary Accounts Receivable ledger 3. In the present business scenario, manually created revenue cycle documents slow down the revenue cycle operations and that may create a number of financial problems emerging from delayed recoveries from accounts receivables. â€Å"Internet and ERP have injected many changes in the revenue cycle. Sales Orders arrive on web. In the cases sales orders that need credit decisions in few minutes, web based services offer automation of the entire credit approval process.† (Ashotosh Deshmukh, 2005)1. But sometime automations become inefficient say when customers’ credit worthiness is judged merely on the basis of credit points stored in a system. There is always a need control to maintain a standard Basic objective of control over electronic forms is that accurate data should be available when needed, and all revenue cycle activities be performed efficiently and effectively. For effective control over electronic documentations in the revenue cycle operations the following proce dures should be considered: Further processing on Sales orders should be done only on verification that required goods are available. Sales Order processing should be automated as per batch technology and real time technology. Sequential number to Sales orders, Sales Invoices and Credit Memos generated through electronic system should be assigned by the system itself. Regular file backups, file labels, modification of default settings on ERP systems, encryption etc. are the basic control features of electronically operated revenue cycle. Under electronic system, though customer’s credit is approved as per criteria decided by the Credit Manager and programmed into the system, final approval should be manually done by the Credit manager after generation the hard copy of the Credit memo by the system. In other words there should be some manual control in approval of customer credit history. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) should be encouraged instead of receiving cheques and pay orders from Accounts receivables. This will eliminate the mistakes and frauds occurring at the stage of maintaining and operating remittances related documents, like remittance lists and passing of accounting entries on basis of those documents.

The Difference Between Public Relations and Journalism

The Difference Between Public Relations and Journalism To understand the difference between journalism and public relations, consider the following scenario. Imagine that your college announces it is raising tuition (something many colleges are doing due to drops in government funding). The public relations office issues a press release about the increase. What do you imagine that release will say? Well, if your college is like most, it will probably stress how modest the increase is, and how the school still remains very affordable. Itll probably also talk about how the hike was absolutely necessary for the face of continuing funding cuts, and so on. The release may even have a quote or two from the president of the college saying how much he/she regrets having to pass the ever-increasing cost of running the place on to students and how the raise was kept as modest as possible. All of this may be perfectly true. But who do you think wont be quoted in the college press release? Students, of course. The people who will be affected most by the hike are the very ones who wont have a say. Why not? Because of students likely to say the increase is a horrible idea and will only make it more difficult for them to take classes there. That perspective doesnt do the institution any favors. How Journalists Approach a Story So if youre a  reporter for the student newspaper assigned to write an article about the tuition hike, whom should you interview? Obviously, you should talk to the college president and any of the other officials involved. You should also talk to students because the story isnt complete without interviewing the people who are most affected by the action being taken. That goes for tuition increases, or factory layoffs, or for anyone else whos ever been hurt by the actions of a large institution. Thats called getting both sides of the story. And therein lies the difference between public relations and journalism. Public relations is designed to put the most positive spin on anything done by an institution like a college, a company or a government agency. Its designed to make the entity look as wonderful as possible, even if the action being taken - the tuition increase - is anything but. Why Journalists Are Important Journalism isnt about making institutions or individuals look good or bad. Its about portraying them in a realistic light, good, bad or otherwise. So if the college does something good - for instance, offering free tuition to local people who have been laid off - then your coverage should reflect that. Its important for journalists to question those in power because thats part of our primary mission: to serve as a kind of adversarial watchdog keeping an eye on the activities of the powerful, to try and ensure that they dont abuse that power. Unfortunately, in recent years public relations has become more powerful and ubiquitous even as newsrooms across the country have laid off thousands of reporters. So while there are more and more PR agents (reporters call them flacks) pushing positive spin, there are fewer and fewer journalists there to challenge them. But thats why its more important than ever that they do their jobs, and do them well. Its simple: We are here, to tell the truth.

Conflict and Political Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict and Political Order - Essay Example Both of these theories have foundations of democracy. Conflict is found at the centre stage of politics because of the struggle for power between individuals. Up to the modern concept of political order, conflict remains contentious when it comes to politics. These concepts have drawn from the ancient view of politics advanced by individuals such as Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Aquinas among others. Some of their concepts and propositions have been dispelled while others have influenced the philosophy of politics for centuries. Conflict among human beings is as old as history itself. War is found to have begun very long time ago because of the desire to control resources. Conflict has been founded on religious differences, ethnic differences, differing political ideologies, and social motivations. Politics is a broad subject that has influence over all humans directly or indirectly. According to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, political science has massive influence over all other things, he mentions about its authority and the control it has over humans under his theory of natural slavery. His assertions that humans are naturally political present a situation that depicts them as differing in opinions and thoughts. His view was that humans are unique, with each playing a specific role just like the way organs functions in a body. The aggregation of communities together is a natural affair because it achieves self-sufficiency among the individuals. The political nature of persons induces them to engage in conflicts between one another. The conflicts may not be based on any personal view but the political affiliations. According to the arguments presented by Aristotle in the Book V the affiliations that appears between individuals creates factions based on common interes ts. In the first place, the mindset of an individual prompts them to affiliate to a certain group and will tend to have disparity in opinion and behaviour with the other factions. Secondly, factions are developed depending on the benefits that are derived from them, it is also possible that some things are lost in joining the groupings thereby some resentment to the differing groupings is experienced. Finally, political disputes are potential sources of factions where there are ideological differences between groups. The traditional approach of conflict seems to have been avoided since its focus was mainly on functionalism. The approach gives weight to the fact that each individual in an organization or community is designated from a specific role in the community. This is contrary to the modern conflict theory where the opinion shapers are the elite in the society. However, to the modern theorists there is consensus with Aristotle’s point of view that all humans are wired to be political. The modern view presents a situation where social classes arise hence creating a huge disparity and dispelling the functionality notion that humans have a specific role that each is supposed to play. Conflict is very much associated with rise to power. According to Machiavelli use of force is one the strategies that power can be obtained, these results in conflict that results to loss of lives and betrayal. These individuals kill the people they want to lead and the existing leaders in order to find their way to power. A situation that does not involve much conflict happens when power is obtained through the favour of the people. In such a situation the conflict arises between the common people and the nobles, however, the funny thing is that the nobles have much influence over the common people such that they are capable of manipulating them to have one of them

Exploring Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exploring Learning - Essay Example These approaches are important as they give an idea of what different students go through when learning. The approaches have been described by scholars as being able to give a clear distinction between the different learners. Thus, it is mandatory for a teacher to learn and understand these approaches so as to make their students excel and make the most out of themselves (Cooper, 2009). Deep and surface approaches were postulated through in the nineteenth century. These approaches were first carried out by Marton and Saljo in 1976. The two scholars carried a study on a number of students and their learning approach. They gave the sample study a particular task, to read a particular text. After they had all read the text, they were asked questions based on what they had read. The students adopted different methods to understanding the text. Different groups adopted different methods of learning. One group adopted the deep approach and another adopted surface approach of learning. This was evident by how the questions were answered after the students had read the text (Murdoch & Wilson, 2008). In answering the questions, the first group displayed that they had understood fully the text while the second group had a vague understanding of the text. This showed a clear distinction. ... Deep learning approach as the word suggests involves the process of having a critical understanding of what is being taught. The students that fall under this category critically analyze concepts and principles, leading to proper understanding that is used in the long-term. It has been noted that for this approach to work, a student needs to be dedicated for a long time. They need to start reading early in advance so that they can understand better what they need to cover. It is the best method that learners should use (Cooper, 2009). This method ensures that the learning method is effective as learners will have benefitted fully from the learning process. Surface learning approach on the other hand is meant for short term retention of information. It mainly involves memorization of facts. The approach does not promote use of knowledge in the long term. The knowledge or information is only crammed briefly. This particular approach is used normally during examinations, especially when the student is not prepared. They want to quickly learn enough information to help them pass the examination. When the reader has done the examination, he or she usually forgets quickly what they have learnt. This learning approach is not advocated for as students do not grasp the knowledge for long (Jarvis, 2005). There are however some instances where it is embraced. An example is when a person is doing a presentation; it applies once the presentation has been done and in case the idea has been rejected, they can quickly switch to a new idea. The third learning approach is the strategic approach. This method is applied whenever necessary. It is a combination of both methods. However, the learner makes a decision on which method they should apply. This all depends on the

Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff Essay Example for Free

Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff Essay How does R.C Sherriff present life in the trenches for the soldiers or World War 1 and the conditions they had to endure? In the play Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff, he describes many conditions that the soldiers had to endure. Life in the trenches was bad, but the men who were signing up for the war were told that it was all a big game, a walk in the park. However, when they got there they got a shock. R.C. Sherriff wanted to tell them all to know the truth about the war. First he starts the play by describing the living conditions: [A pale glimmer of the moonlight shines down the narrow steps into one corner of the dugout.] The words narrow and corner show that they live in a small, narrow and cramped place. Not only was it cramped but it was muddy, cold and wet, and it would be very uncomfortable. If the moonlight can come into the dugout and hit onto a corner of the wall, shows that it is very small and with a company of soldiers living their then that will make it even tighter and there wouldnt be much privacy. The soldiers had to sleep in their uniforms to stay warm, and incase there was an attack at any point, then they would be ready at a moments notice. [As he carefully turns his sock this way and that feeling it against his face to see if its dry,] Having it on constantly would cause moist to appear in the boots and any crevices in the body so they had to stay as clean as possible. But when they took off their boots, because they had them on for a long time, often their toes would come off as well. When reading this, I thought about how uncomfortable they must feel, and this same message would be out to all other readers, and would put people off from going to war. As well as the cramped, cold and wet conditions, they had to put up with little rations of food that tasted horrible, but on occasions, a nice piece of chicken. These are the men that are fighting for our countries, and our lives, and all they get is a small ration and a cheer up from the next poor sap who has to suffer: Trotter: Whats this? Maison: Meat sir. Trotter: I know that. What sort? Maison: Sort of cutlet, sir. The words sort of cutlet shows that the food that they get is low quality, a sort of meat that not good enough to be actual cutlet, and its not good enough to feed the British Army. They are being fed the bare essentials, and if they got any less then I think that they would die from malnutrition. This would also put people off from going to war, because they know that if they are not going to be treated accordingly, and not like animals, then they wont go to war. If the soldiers werent worrying about their food, then they were definitely worrying about the war itself. Many men went mad because of the loud crashes of the bombs and the constant rattle of the guns, some soldiers were so afraid of the war, and because they were told that it was a game, then they would make up conditions so that they didnt have to fight: I dont think that I can manage any supper tonight, Stanhope. Its this beastly neuralgia. It seems to be right inside this eye. The beastly pain gets worse every day. The words beastly pain and worse shows that the conditions were so bad, that Hibbert would pretend that he had neuralgia so that he could be sent home. There were many men out in the war who didnt want to be there, but had to go, and they would try anything to get home. Some soldiers, because of the pressure to go out and fight, they would kill themselves, but this was rare. Along with the pressure of war, they had to deal with other things that affected the mind, like sleep and other peoples thoughts. When they didnt get enough sleep they would get agitated and would spend days without sleep, and if they got on the wrong side of someone, then this would agitate them more, and could lead to outburst at the smallest things: Stanhope: Sit down. Raleigh: Its all right, thanks. Stanhope (Suddenly shouting) Sit down! Stanhope had not slept for days and just the little thing of Raleigh getting on the wrong side of him made him snap. R.C. Sherriff shows that Stanhope is angry in the stage directions: (Suddenly shouting). He gives the reader the impression that Raleigh, because he is the newest, that he doesnt fit in with the rest of the group, that what he is doing is wrong, because he doesnt know any better. Because of this Stanhope gets very angry very quickly. All of these are ways of showing the conditions in which the men had to face during the war. Not only was it the war itself but the pressure of being in a cramped environment, with lots of other men, in the cold and dirt, with little food. R.C. Sherriff brings to the readers what the conditions of war are really like.

Boston Ballet Refuses to Fall :: Dance Dancing Papers

Boston Ballet Refuses to Fall What happens when a ballet company’s classic Christmas tradition is unwrapped, discarded, and replaced with a glitzy and glamorous moneymaking expenditure? Many dance enthusiasts are left with this lingering question as The Boston Ballet struggles with a recent announcement from the Wang Theatre, its lifelong performance home, that next year’s production of the Nutcracker is being replaced by a touring show of the infamous Radio City Rockettes. "Im pretty certain this decision was driven by money, which draws the question in everyone’s minds: Which is more important, tradition or money?† said Andrew Kaminski. Kaminski is a Boston Ballet II member and performs in the corp de ballet with the company. He joined this apprentice position in August of 2003 and thinks Mikko Nissinen, the Boston Ballet’s new artistic director, is doing great things for the company. " I really like the direction we are headed in but unfortunately Mikko has been dealt some unfair dealings. I am just grateful the company has been so open with us about everything,† Kaminski said. According to Kaminski, the company was informed of what was happening with the Wang Theatre at the end of October. During this time, a company meeting was held and a Boston Ballet Memo was distributed to the dancers from Valerie Wilder, the Executive Director of the Boston Ballet. â€Å"Basically the Wang informed us they had signed a note of intent with Radio City. We were immediately notified after this. We were told the Wang wanted to bring in the Rockettes for monetary reasons. Touring companies are more profitable. The Wang can charge them more plus the tickets are more expensive,† Kaminski said. The memo to the company included general facts about the Nutcracker’s current situation and its history. It also had a section titled, â€Å"Further Talking Points,† which expressed the company’s opinions on the situation. â€Å"In choosing to align itself with a touring production, the Wang Center is undermining a 35- year-old tradition and the work of a resident ensemble with year- round presence in the community. The Wang has thus placed commercial interests over cultural purpose, which is inconsistent with its mission as a not-for-profit,† the memo stated. The Boston Ballet Company is a non-profit organization, which hosts a dance school that trains young children through adults and a renowned ballet company that has artistically entertained the city since 1965. On their IRS form 990 filing, the company stated their objectives for the fiscal year beginning November 1, 2003.

Progress Process And Prospect Of Green Hotels Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionDeficit of natural resources and environmental pollutions are considered as marks of planetary heating and serious universe climatic menace in the last few decennaries. Hence, environmental preservation has been increasing of import to all sectors of the economic system for the states. Though there are many touristry governments that have created the criterions or enfranchisements for environmentally sustainable hotels, really few Malaysia hotels have policies turn toing the issues. This survey aims to specify the advancement of Malayan hotel Industry and suggesting the effectivity and chance for Malayan environmental hotels.Research ObjectiveAs green becomes the colour of the twenty-four hours, the large terra incognita, nevertheless, is whether the remainder of the industry will follow suit every bit good as the uncertainness demand for green hotel. Green hotel ever near related to sustainability. A sustainable hotel should hold as little a footmark ( computation the amo unt of a edifice ‘s environmental impact ) as possible. However, it is about impossible to accomplish a zero footmark in world. Most hotels could go truly â€Å" C impersonal † merely by buying green credits or carbon-offsetting ( e.g. , paying a company to works trees to antagonize the hotel ‘s carbon-dioxide emanations ) . In fact, it requires considerable of money for a hotel traveling theirs measure towards green patterns by conserving energy, H2O and solid waste direction, etc. Therefore, the aims in this survey are: To look into the chief factor that influence regular hotel alteration into green hotel To detect the proper ways that make the regular hotel become green hotel To comprehend the hereafter of the hotel after become greenProblem StatementRecently more people are encompassing a green life style. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Hotels use a enormous sum of energy and H2O every bit good as collect a immense sum of waste. By making their portion to conserve, recycle, and cut down, they are protecting the planet every bit good as supplying a great topographic point for eco-friendly invitees to remain. The intent of this research is to analyze the current province of green hotel industry. Further this survey besides makes the cordial reception industry taking an enterprise or implement for the interest of the environment. The industry is cognizant of these concerns, and has been look intoing environmentally-friendly options that would still turn out consistent with guest concerns for at least the last 15 years.ATheoretical ModelGreen hotel is created to diminish the sum of waste come ining landfills and increase the sum of waste that can be recycled. Hospitality industry must alter their scheme into â€Å" green † motion besides they have to seeking practical environmental that lead to a better universe. A The hotel industry could profit economically from the green motion, foremost by pulling invitees who wish to follow a greener life style, every bit good as salvaging money through cost-saving energy patterns and equipment adjustments.A Being green means ‘Green ‘ hotels are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy direction ( Amy 2009 ) , H2O preservation ( JeongDoo ) , and waste direction ( Evans, 2008 ) .H4H5H3H2H1Figure 1: Conceptual model of the chief patterns of being a green hotel Hypothesis 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )Introductionâ€Å" Green † Hotels are environmentally-friendly belongingss whose directors are eager to establish plans that save H2O, salvage energy and cut down solid waste while salvaging money to assist protect our one and merely Earth. Recently more hotels are encompassing a green life style. Bing green agencies invitees, staff and direction are healthier. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Many hotels are reacting to consumer demands for a healthier and greener life style by doing their concern more environmentally friendly. Not merely consumer demand, fiscal inducements besides like to promote the cordial reception industry to go on developing more environmentally friendly hotel. Bing green agencies hotel are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy, H2O and waste ( Amy, 2009 ) . Green attempts can be every bit basic as H2O preservation steps ( such as promoting the re-use of invitee linens ) , housekeepers using environmentally safe cleansing merchandises or Eco-sensitive watering place and bath comfortss to grander enterprises such as all-green building ( Kathy, 2007 ) . Among the more marked Eco attempts are late built hotels that weave the usage of ecologically sound building stuffs and thoughts into their very construct. Expect further rejuvenation of hotels as consumer demand additions. Harmonizing to a study conducted by the Travel Industry Association and Partnership, most grownups say they would be more likely to choose an hotel that uses more environmentally friendly merchandises and procedures, because environmentally friendly merchandise do them go more fitter. Besides supplying a positive consequence, green hotel besides give some jobs. Hotel must pay more to acquire friendly merchandise, besides they have to looking for a new topographic point to develop their green hotel. It means that they must cutting down a wood to construct their green hotel. And that makes our environment go more diminish.Literature ReviewThe Origin of Green PracticesThe hotel industry, like many other did non entertain the construct of salvaging energy for many old ages, as oil monetary values were at an all clip low in the 1980 ‘s and the early portion 1990s ( Hirschland, Oppenheim and Webb, 2008 ) . The chemical and oil industries were the first to come under probe by conservationist due to the seeable nature of their environmental impact. The cordial reception an industry took a long clip to come under examination and as a consequence was slow to take duty in cut downing the impact of their concern were holding on the environment. The construct of green or friendly hotel has become a really serious and profound subject within the cordial reception sphere in the past decennary. Bowman ( 1975, p.74 ) states that a â€Å" series of widely publicized environmental calamities signaled the globalisation of environmental concern and that society has entered the last phase of a procedure that has taken worlds from fearing, to understanding, to utilizing, to mistreating, and now to worrying about the physical and biological universe around them Cordial reception suppliers are now been forced to take duty for the impact their services are holding on the environment. In 1996, Agenda 21 for the travel and touristry industry made cordial reception suppliers aware of the demand to heighten sustainability development. There is grounds in today ‘s literature to propose the execution of environmental patterns is widespread across the cordial reception industry as the benefit are infinite, the most of import being fiscal sustainability. Pizman ( 2009 ) believes that many cordial reception organisations are non interested in environmental sustainability for selfless or ethical grounds, but are strictly puting in environmental patterns for selfish profitable grounds. Houdre ( 2006 ) , Brown ( 2006 ) and Stark ( 2009 ) have made it clear that the premier ground for implementing environmental patterns is geared towards profitableness. Cotton ( 2007 ) believes that the intent of running any concern is to do a net income and so it is dismaying the figure of cordial reception organisations that are non following green patterns in order to drive long term profitableness. This suggests that there are barriers and obstructions with respect to the execution of environmental patterns in the cordial reception industry.Green Hotels in MalaysiaOver the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisation ( Abdallah, 2007 ) . Superficially, it might be argued that environmental direction is non of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. Comparing with the other environmentally developed hotel industry from other states, Malaysia hotel industry ap pears missing in the consciousness for environmentally policy ( Azusa, 2009 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non entirely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotels ( Hong and Parker, 2004 ) . Therefore, it is non true to province that investing in environmental direction patterns will ensue in the escalation of operational costs and eroding of net income borders ( Foster, Sampson and Dunn, 2000 ) Harmonizing to the star.com.my five hotels in Malaysia have been chosen as the new receivers of the ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2010, conveying the entire figure of such hotel in the state to 10.the five hotels are The Andaman Langkawi in Sedah, Shangri-LA ‘s Tanjung Aru Resort & A ; Spa in Kota Kinabalu. Mines Wellnes Hotel in Selangor, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Ria Resort in Tuaran and Renaissance Kuala Lumpur Hotel. The ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2008 receivers which managed to retain their position were Hotel Melia Kuala Lumpur, Nexus Resort Karambunai in Sabah, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Sayang Resort & A ; Spa in Penang, Shangri-la ‘s Hotel Kuala Lumpur and The Frangipani Langkawi Resort & A ; Spa. The ASEAN Green Hotel Standard is an indispensable tool to back up ASEAN as a universe category quality finish.Zero Waste Approach – Traveling Beyond Best PracticesThis study discusses several subjects that illustrate ways hotel are going greener. Although implementing the b est patterns saves money, this study shows how to travel beyond best patterns. The end being a friendly hotel is to extinguish every bit much as possible the negative impacts on the environment both by cut downing ingestion of resources and by altering the patterns so that the waste hotel green goods can be used as natural stuff. Achieving zero waste may or may non possible in the foreseeable hereafter. What matters is working towards zero waste by go oning to implement plans as new chances to utilize antecedently wasted stuffs become available. Nowadays a few prima hotels are endeavoring to go zero waste trade names, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all byproduct. It means utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of byproducts is ineluctable, utilizing those byproduct as natural stuff for other procedures. Besides implementing zero waste, energy preservation and H2O preservation besides of import to patterns the green hotel. The cost nest eggs and environmental benefits of the nothing waste enterprise more of import and it takes to establish such a plan. The procedure of making zero waste takes several months to finish with most organisations seeing feasible consequences after the first twelvemonth ( Thayne, 2010 ) . The zero waste procedure must affect every member of the hotel, with a nucleus squad or maneuvering commission supervising the enterprise. To accomplish zero waste hotels must place how much waste exists in the organisation past to the enterprise and work together with the each member of the section to find the sum of waste created in each class. A few prima hotels today are determined to go zero waste trade name, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all by merchandises. It means that utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of by merchandise is ineluctable, utilizing those by merchandises as natural stuff for other procedures ( Abhinav and Rajeshwari, 2001 ) .Environmental Management Practices ( EMP )Over the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors, have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisations. Apparently, it might be argued that environmental direction is non an of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. After all, certain groups might reason that it is impossible for the hotels to be environmentally cognizant due to high investing cost involved. However, upon deeper scrutiny of the topic might uncover that hotels in Malaysia can non avoid facing this issue for long if they are to stay com petitory ( Ahmad, 2007 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non merely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotel ( Hong & A ; Parker, 2004 ) . Environmental direction is a direction model for cut downing environmental impacts and bettering hotel public presentation overtime. In other words, environmental direction provide hotel of all types with a constructions attack for pull offing environmental and regulative duties to better overall environmental public presentation ( Vandermerwe & A ; Oliff, 1990 ) . Environmental direction pattern enterprises consist of several patterns such as holding an environmental policy, preparation and honoring workers to happen chances to forestall pollution, puting corporation broad internal criterions, set abouting internal environmental audits and following the doctrine of entire quality direction in environmental direction ( Khanna & A ; Anton, 2002 ) . In general, environmental direction pattern would include the extent to which a company has defined its environmental policy, developed processs to set up environmental aims, to choose and enforced environmental patterns assessed the result s of such patterns and has allocated environmental duties ( Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1996 ) . Such an force per unit area in the hotel industry would intend that environmental direction should be studied from all proficient and organisational angles so as to cut down the environmental impact caused by a hotel ‘ concern operations. The benefit of following Environmental Management Practices is many-sided. For case, of the streamlining of a hotel ‘s operational activities to be harmonic with environmental demands will accrue nest eggs ( Rondinelli & A ; Vastag, 1995 ) through the bar of environmental debasement in bend taking to cut down cost of production and higher net income ( Pava & A ; Krausz, 1997 ; Russo, Fouts & A ; Paul, 1997 ; Waddoek & A ; Graves, 1997 ) . Ultimately, the execution of Environmental Management Practices ‘ may supply hotels with alone environmental resources operation, capablenesss and benefits that may confabulate a competitory advantage to practicians ( Hart, 1995 ; Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1999 ) . Such benefit may obtain from image benefit, encompassing of eco-tourism and cost economy ( Aalders, 2002 ; Holland & A ; Foo, 2003 ; Kollman, 2001 ; Prakash, 2002 ) .Energy EfficiencyHotels are the largest consumers of energy non merely in constructing building but besides as constitution with complex installings, which provide invitees with high degree of multi-faceted comfort and sole comfortss, intervention and installations. Many of the services provided to hotel invitees are extremely resource intensive whether it concerns energy, H2O or natural stuffs. A important sum of the energy used is wasted go forthing sample for intelligent steps of energy efficiency and preservation ( Joseph, 2009 ) . Since the installing of energy, H2O and natural stuff salvaging techniques in hotels can accomplish environmental advancement and offer competitory advantages to hotels in surpassing their opposite numbers, many new energy salvaging installations have been introduced by the hotel sector in the past few old ages following t echnological progresss ( Willy, 2009 ) . The addition in energy monetary value agencies that energy preservation attempts should be taken to cut down the consequence of energy cost ( Weng Wai, Buang and Abdul Hakim, p.58, 2006 ) . As stated by Yukata Mizuta ( 2003 ) , energy preservation may non merely convey decreases in C dioxide emanation, but may besides take to salvaging in the outgo on energy. On a world-wide footing, the energy used in the hotels is preponderantly fossil fuel based or comes from atomic reactors ( Philip, 2009 ) . A genuinely sustainable hotel must non merely see ways to utilize energy sagely but should besides see the possibilities of heightening the usage of energy from renewable resources. About 40 % of the energy used in a hotel is electricity, 60 % comes from natural gas and oils fuels ( Niki, 2008 ) . These energy carriers are brought in by the hotel. The energy is converted by a figure of transition into the most of import internal flows of energy viz. heat, cold and illuming. Heat is used in t he signifier of hot H2O ; hot H2O is used in the signifier of hot tap H2O. Cold is used chiefly for chilling and drying the airing air, largely cold is produced in the signifier of ice H2O. Figure 1. Energy ingestion that usage in the hotel Lighting is one of the largest electrical energy consumers in the hotels, as in many other sorts of public-service corporation edifices. Figure 1 shows that some 35 % of the entire energy ingestion in hotel goes to illuming. Lighting installing must supply equal degrees of illuming for each activity. Bright and comfort degree are besides of import for illuming inside the hotels, depending on the country where illuming are required. Lighting degrees necessary for each zone are established in the lighting ordinances of each peculiar state. These degrees should be reached by the most suited lamps for each application. When it comes to the energy nest eggs that can be made on lighting, there are two chief ways. Efficient illuming Required lighting is supplied by light resources, which are made up of lamp and leading lights. The pick of light beginning depends on assorted standards, e.g. : efficiency colour temperature, colour representation index, lamp life, emanation modeaˆÂ ¦etc. Lighting in the different countries of the hotels have different demand, but it is really of import that the most efficient lamp is chosen for each application. Smart exchanging Another nest eggs can be achieved with â€Å" smart shift † of illuming. Lighting is often switched on unnecessarily when there is sufficient daytime or there is cipher in the room. With manual operated system particularly, light tend to be left firing needlessly.Water ConservationWater preservation encourage hotel to pull off how and when H2O is being used, manage both the proficient and human side of H2O direction issues. It is estimated that by 2010, H2O usage addition to about 475 gallons per twenty-four hours for each hotel room ( Sarah, 2002 ) .however in other adjustments, H2O utilizations still a cost and an of import emphasis on the local environment. In many instances H2O preservation can be a affair of buying and utilizing the proper systems. Factors that consider H2O beginnings may include renewability, possible impact on the environment and H2O supplies every bit good as economic benefit. Some of developing states, hotel H2O usage may impact the H2O supplies of the local people. Any H2O usage decrease plan must hold full support of the each member of the hotel. Some hotel estimated that merely little per centum of H2O consumed by the invitee, the ba lance is used by the fille de chambres during cleansing. Water is important resources for the cordial reception industry as it limited resource and needed for figure activities as illustrated in figure 2. Figure 2. Hotel H2O system and usage Identifying where H2O usage is utmost of import to hotel in developing countries. With increasing consciousness of cost economy chances through H2O preservation, assorted related plans have been developed and implemented among hotel companies. Harmonizing to Marriott International ( 2007 ) linen reuse plan, promoting invitees to recycle lines and towels during they stay contributes to salvaging 11 to 17 % on hot H2O. Previous literature besides reported that linen and towel reuse plans are well-established patterns in hotel in most states, with more than two-thirds of the respondents in surveies conducted in different states utilizing such plan ( Bohdanowicz, 2006 ; Erdogan and Baris 2007 ; Mensah, 2006 ) . This plan saves non merely hot H2O and energy, but besides reduces the usage of detergents and thereby reduces effluent.Waste ManagementCordial reception industry can go of import factor in the minimisation of waste that is presently disposed of at landfill sites. Waste direction has been designed and implemented to cut down the volume and toxicity of refuse ( Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994 ) . Erdogan and Barish ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to analyze environmental patterns and found that paper and nutrient waste are the greatest sum of waste generated beginnings of hotels. Previous research indicates that the degree of hotels ‘ committedness to blow screening and recycling varies, depending on regulative force per unit areas and local authorities ‘s support. Waste minimisation and direction involves cut down, reuse and recycling. These attempts combine to minimise the sum of waste disposed and the cost of disposal and aid to guarantee that concluding disposal is done in an sanctioned and sustainable mode. Minimizing waste coevals begins in buying map. Buying in majority, utilizing merchandise manufactured from recycled stuffs, commanding the use of merchandise to avoid waste and working with provider to minimise merchandise packaging are all proved ways to minimise waste coevals ( David, 2002 ) Reuse as a agency of waste decrease has been practiced in the cordial reception industry for many old ages ; beverage container such as those keeping syrup dressed ore and beer kegs are typical. Reuse does non hold to go on on the belongings itself ; used linens can be donated to shelters or other charitable organisations for reuse ( Willy, 2009 ) . Recycling stuffs is better pick than recycling, firing or landfill. Recycling different from recycling, recycling interruptions down an point into the basic parts and makes a new merchandise out of it, but recycling an points keeps the stuff in its original signifier and uses the point over and over once more for the same or different intent. Recycling as a agency of preservation can be turned into gross steam. The monetary value paid for recycled stuffs varies geographically and over clip ( Philip, 2009 ) . A recycled merchandise describes a merchandise that is made wholly or partially from secondary stuff recovered from consumer waste. Some merchandise are reduced to their natural province and remanufactured into something resembling their original province. In the instance of recycled paper, the newspaper gathered from invitee sleeping rooms and the used notepaper coming from the hotel transcript store are reduced back to their natural province of paper mush which is so used to bring forth more paper. Unfortunately, many merchandises recycled in this mode come back as lesser quality merchandise ( David, 2002 ) . Reduce as a means decreasing the sum points or resources that are consumed utilizing the sum that is needed. The illustration of the cut down undertaking that hotel can make is ; cut down the sum and toxicity of rubbish that hotel discard, possibilities include buying lasting, long permanent goods, seeking merchandise and packaging that are as toxin free as possible and redesigning merchandises to utilize fewer natural stuffs in production, last longer or can be used once more after their original intent. Hotel activities should be able to be safely assimilated into natural system, therefore foregrounding the demand of solid and liquid direction techniques Figure 3. Wastage that generated by hotel Solid waste in hotels has many constituents, including paper, nutrient, assorted metals, plastics, aluminium and glass. This gives a image of the assortment of waste that can be produces by merely a little figure of hotels in a metropolis. When looked at with a zero-waste attitude, these figures show the chances for both resource recovery and waste decrease. Implementing a solid waste decrease plan in a hotel can make important cost nest eggs in waste trucking fees while making a more environmentally friendly hotel ( Sarah, 2002 ) . This is particularly true as solid waste becomes a more important environmental issue and landfill fees addition. Frequently hotels hesitate to set up plan in solid direction because of the coordination and cooperation needed among direction, employees and invitees. However the cost benefit is an inducement.Implementing Green EnterprisesWhile many companies and persons talk about ways they can assist the environment, it is still merely a few that are really making a program of action. Meeting Professionals International or MPI took its first measure in 2006 at the Professional Education Conference, a convention of run intoing contrivers from around the universe. MPI worked with the convention centre to recycle merchandises from the meeting by donating leftover nutrient bank, donating marks to local schools for art undertakings and utilizing green providing for conference events ( Gardner, 2006 ) . These are simple ways to add a green enterprise to the hotel and integrate a no waste pattern at small cost. One manner meeting contrivers can larn what a hotel provides in term of green pattern is by puting green petition into the petition for proposal. Some contrivers are inquiring for recycling plans to be in topographic point. Planners are besides bespeaking that hotels have complete green plans in topographic point or their hotel will non be chosen for an event ( Gardner, 2006 ) Banquet Department Harmonizing to Nancy Wilson of Meeting Strategies Worldwide, these are some stairss that can be taken to green the hotel: Use e-mail alternatively of paper mail Use an online enrollment system Forgo passing out conference bags unless they are made of recycled stuffs A truly interesting idea is to take hotels either near the airdrome or shut to all activities associating to the meeting ( Gardner, 2006 ) . This will restrict C dioxide emanations by restricting the demand for vehicular transit from one location to the following. As for nutrient service, the feast section should update how nutrient and java interruptions are presented to the invitee. Alternatively of separately wrapped Sweets, honey, jams and picks, the hotel needs to exchange to bulk containers that can be reused many times, making less rubbish ( McPhee, 2006 ) . In add-on, alternatively of street arab utensils, silverware should be supplied to stir java and tea. Refillable H2O jugs that can be set up periodically throughout the meeting infinite with existent spectacless available should be used in topographic point of bottled H2O. Changing the lighting to energy efficient bulbs in the meeting infinite, fittingness centre and employee merely countries of the hotel will be high precedence. Groups have specific illuming demands for the meeting infinite, but the fittingness centre and back of house do non necessitate to hold many different types of illuming. Fortunately, there are many new efficient bulbs that can now be dimmed and adjusted to the groups ‘ demands in the event infinite ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . The more intense undertaking will be put ining gesture detectors throughout the meeting infinite and back of house. These countries are used for a big sum of clip each twenty-four hours, but there are times when no 1 would be in the countries at all. If the detectors could turn the visible radiation on and off when person walks in or out of a room by observing organic structure heat, so the energy would be cut down in comparing to when the visible radiations are left on continuously ( Serlen, 2008 ) . Guest Room The invitee room is a hard location to implement alterations, as it requires the invitee to believe what the hotel would wish to alter. If the invitee wants new sheets each twenty-four hours, so the hotel most likely will compel the invitee to do them happy. That being said, many enterprises can be taken to do it easy for the invitee to take part in the new policies. Another facet is how to salvage energy in empty invitee suites. Harmonizing to Jeff Sobieski ( 2008 ) , hotel guestrooms are unoccupied about 60 % of the clip. This mean that for 60 % of the clip, the hotel can be in control of the temperature and lighting of a guestroom and pull off how much energy is being used during that clip without interfering with the invitee ‘s comfort. The following are two illustrations of energy salvaging scenarios that can take topographic point in invitee suites. The first is to alter visible radiation bulbs to energy efficient visible radiation bulbs that will last long and use less power. The other alteration is the â€Å" turn off ‘ plan. This plan will hold the Thermostat linked to the hotel database so the temperature can alter when the guest cheque in and out. This system can besides reset itself anytime the guest leaves the room ( Freed, 2008 ) . Besides, if the room has a balcony, anytime the balcony door opens, the temperature will reset itself. Ran in concurrence with the 2nd scenario, the â€Å" turn off † plan, hotels can utilize in-room tenancy sensors. These sensors use organic structure heat detectors to scan the room to look into is a invitee has entered or exited the room. Once it detects that person is in the room, the system will return the temperature of the room back to the invitee ‘s penchant. The detectors can besides be used as a manner to maintain the visible radiations from being left on all twenty-four hours and dark. If there is no motion in a present sum of clip, the detectors can describe database that it is All right to turn off the visible radiations. While this will salvage energy, some guest prefers to walk into a room with light. This can be fixed by holding a hall light bend on when the forepart door opens so the invitee is non come ining a dark room. This can be managed by a detector or by a connexion between the door and the visible radiation ( Hanna, 2008 ) . Restaurant The countries of eating house and kitchens that are non seen by invitees can salvage energy through a survey of how the contraptions are used and comparing that to how they are supposed to be used. The chief manner to salvage energy in the kitchens is to learn the staff the proper manner to utilize the equipment ( Jones, 2002 ) . For illustration teach the staff to shut the icebox door when non in usage. In add-on, maintaining the equipment cleaned and maintained will do certain that the equipment is running at its best degree ; this will assist guarantee the lowest sum of energy would be used ( Lawn, 2008 ) The thought of replacing the contraptions in the laundry country besides can be applied to hotel kitchens. For illustration, a new energy star steam cooker can be 60 % more efficient than the regular theoretical accounts available ( Brodsky, 2005 ) . This type of nest eggs can be applied to all the contraptions. Housekeeping or Laundry The energy salvaging in the laundry country will necessitate some installation of new contraptions and systems. While there will be an initial cost associated with the new contraptions, it will salvage energy in the long tally. The first alteration will be to put in new gas driers that can dry cloth more rapidly and utilize less energy. The other new system is a heat recovery unit that can salvage the heat from the old H2O rhythm in the wash and reassign the heat to the clean H2O being used in the following rhythm ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . Both of these options are making new ways to conserve energy, but non altering the existent procedure of making wash. The hotel ‘s housekeeping staff would be responsible for watching for leaks throughout all invitee suites and hotel infinite. Harmonizing to Ashwin Patel ( 2008 ) , a individual leak can blow 10,000 litres yearly ; all sinks, showers and lavatories need to be checked for leaks. These are initial measure and easy holes that can be taken while waiting for larger enterprises to take topographic point.Expectation from Green HotelFor many old ages, the hotel industry was loath to admit any important influence on the natural milieus. Hotel edifices for the illustration, due to their very specific and alone map and operational form, by and large have a much larger ecological impact than other commercial edifices of similar size. At the same clip, the well being and development of the touristry and the hotel industry relies to a great extent on the handiness of clean, natural environment ( Paulina, Branko and Ivo, 2004 ) The most of import side consequence of traveling green is to make a more sustainable environment. This is the chief end of all the aforesaid enterprises. Besides, the illustrations of alterations have shown the nest eggs that can be achieved for the hotel. However, one chief positive facet may look a small selfish. There are many grounds why company chooses to make the undertakings they do, and for the most portion it is because the hotel wants to be viewed positively by client or invitee. Harmonizing to Patrick Hartman and Vanessa Ibanez ( 2006 ) , if the trade name is considered green, so consumers are willing to pay more for that merchandise. This allows the hotel to experience as if they are making something good for the environment while go toing the conference they planned on attention. Hypothesis 1: Hotel that operate green patterns will ensue in the betterment of operational costs and less of net income Hypothesis 2:

Computer Network and Intense Financial Pressure

Introduction: CareGroup was established in 1996 from a three-way merger of several hospitals in the eastern Massachusetts area. The merger was driven by the intense financial pressure and competitiveness in the healthcare community. CareGroup was the second largest hospital group in the area, and was a force to be reckoned with in the war of medical costs that included healthcare providers and employers. Problem: On Nov 13, 2002, a researcher executed an application without terminating it, which caused huge data communication traffics and led to a network crash. The network crash could not be fixed internally and the CIO at CareGroup had to call experts from Cisco for help the next day. While Cisco engineers were fixing the problem, CareGroup employees resorted back to paper based forms as a costly and unorganized replacement to their networked computers. The network was restored five days after the crash and post-crash repairing commenced to help recovery and further potential crashes. Problem Analysis: The source of the collapse was an â€Å"out of spec† network. CareGroup integrated its multiple operating systems into a state-of-the-art IT system. However, not well managed were the incremental changes to the network. This lack of control compromised the paths over which data flowed. That, combined with an experimental application that had been left unmonitored in a production environment, were the underlying causes for the network failure. CareGroup lacked a standardized operational flow to streamline, control, monitor, and document activities of users and researchers. There was little control and IT governance on common users to access or make changes to the network configuration. Right after the outage, several changes were made by various users without synchronization and documenting, which worsened the outage situation. Solutions: The following are the proposed options to help solve the aforementioned problem: 1. CareGroup can implement a Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) and Contingency Plan (CP). The DRP describes the road map through which CareGroup must deal with unpredictable, unpreventable, or potential catastrophic events. the contingency plan acts as backbone for disaster recovery and allows for a complete recovery cycle. CP would require careful preparation and planning in order to allow CareGroup the ability to get back to a working state of affairs. 2. CareGroup should redesign the company network infrastructure to employ Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). A multi- VPN approach would enable CareGroup to maintain independency (separate virtual LANs) for their business partners. 3. Combine both options 1 and 2. 4. Outsourcing the network services. Recommendation: I recommend that CareGroup implement a disaster recovery plan, as well as adopt formal oversight of network changes and a prohibition against developers testing in a production environment.

Current and Noncurrent Assets Paper

Current and Noncurrent Assets Paper University of PhoenixOctober 12, 2009ACC/400IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparison of current and noncurrent assets; in addition this paper will also explain order of liquidity and how the liquidity applies to the balance sheet.Current and Noncurrent AssetsAccording to Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, (2007), two types of are assets are present at all companies current assets and noncurrent assets. Current assets are assets that a company expects to convert into cash within a year or less. Current Assets on a balance sheet item equals the sum of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, marketable securities, prepaid expenses and Inventory all fall under the category of current assets since most or all companies expect to convert to cash within a year or less. Noncurrent assets are assets that a company does not expect to convert into cash within a year or less. Office Furniture, business equipment trademarks a copyrights fall under the noncurrent assets cate gory.Componenets of the asset side of the Federal Reser...The difference between current and noncurrent assets is the time that it takes for those assets can be converted into cash, if they can even be converted into cash. Current and Noncurrent assets are usually listed on a company's Balance Sheet. The Balance Sheet is one of the most important financial statements prepared by companies on a yearly. The Balance Sheet is an outline of the company's financial condition. The balance sheet shows in a nut shell a summary of company assets. Liabilities and shareholders' equity.Many companies delete current assets on balance sheets after a year from the data on the balance sheet. Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso (2007) Accounts receivable are current assets because companies will acquire them and convert them to cash within a year or less. Supplies are a current asset because the company expects to use them for...

Validez en EE.UU. de matrimonio celebrado en otro país

Validez en EE.UU. de matrimonio celebrado en otro paà ­s Estados Unidos reconoce como vlidos los matrimonios celebrados en otros paà ­ses siempre y cuando cumplan todos los requisitos exigidos por la ley que aplica en el lugar de la boda. Esto aplica tanto a matrimonios entre una mujer y un varà ³n como a la unià ³n entre dos personas del mismo sexo. Como consecuencia de este reconocimiento de la validez del matrimonio celebrado fuera de EE.UU. se derivan dos efectos. En primer lugar, si una persona que se casà ³ en otro paà ­s desea contraer un nuevo matrimonio deber ser viuda, anular su divorcio o proceder a divorciarse, lo cual puede hacer aà ºn cuando no tenga nacionalidad estadounidense y matrimonio se hubiera celebrado en otro paà ­s. En segundo lugar, por matrimonio como ciudadano estadounidense o residente permanente legal es posible emigrar a los Estados Unidos sacando una tarjeta de residencia conocida como green card si cumple con todos los requisitos que exige la ley migratoria. Puntos clave: validez en EE.UU. de matrimonio celebrado en otro paà ­s Si el matrimonio es vlido segà ºn la ley del paà ­s en el que se celebra, es vlido en EE.UU.Los oficiales consulares de EE.UU. no celebran matrimonios.El matrimonio con ciudadano o residente, por sà ­ mismo, no da derecho a emigrar a EE.UU.Para emigrar a EE.UU. por matrimonio, el ciudadano o residente debe pedir a su cà ³nyuge Respeto por las leyes locales que regulan el matrimonio Para que Inmigracià ³n de Estados Unidos reconozca como vlido a un matrimonio celebrado en el extranjero, à ©ste debe ajustarse a la ley local del lugar en el que la pareja se casà ³. Hay que tener en cuenta que en algunos paà ­ses se exige a los dos novios tener la residencia allà ­ para poder casarse. Adems, si uno de los contrayentes es menor de edad se va a pedir algà ºn tipo de autorizacià ³n de los padres o tutores. Incluso en algunos paà ­ses se exigen determinados anlisis de sangre, requisito que hay que cumplir si es que asà ­ se pide legalmente. Ya que para que EE.UU. reconozca como matrimonio vlido que cumpla con las leyes locales, en el caso de parejas gays es imprescindible celebrar la boda en un estado o en un paà ­s donde es legal. Si no se hace asà ­, no tendr efectos migratorios. En otras palabras, el ciudadano o residente no podr pedir los papeles para su cà ³nyuge, porque EE.UU. considera que no estn casados legalmente. Problemas del matrimonio por poderes para Inmigracià ³n Si la intencià ³n es pedir la tarjeta de residencia permanente para el cà ³nyuge extranjero, se recomienda no casarse por poderes. Las leyes migratorias de EE.UU. exigen que el matrimonio se consume antes de aprobar cualquier peticià ³n por esta causa. Los matrimonios por poderes pueden crear la sospecha de que matrimonio no se ha consumado o que se trata de un matrimonio de conveniencia para sacar los papeles. Documentos  para casarse fuera de EE.UU. El ciudadano estadounidense que se casa en el extranjero deber probar quià ©n es mediante  una identificacià ³n con foto, generalmente el pasaporte americano vigente. Adems es normal que se pida documentacià ³n adicional, como copia de la partida o certificado de nacimiento. Si el contrayente ha estado casado previamente  deber presentar la sentencia del divorcio o la nulidad o el certificado de viudedad. Hay que tener en cuenta que posiblemente se pida que estos documentos sean traducidos al idioma del paà ­s en el que tendr lugar la ceremonia. Por otra parte una vez celebrado el matrimonio fuera de los Estados Unidos ser necesario traducir al inglà ©s el certificado de matrimonio para su uso migratorio. La  traduccià ³n puede hacerla cualquier persona con un conocimiento fluido del inglà ©s y del otro idioma y se necesita certificar la traduccià ³n, lo cual puede hacerse siguiendo un modelo de carta. Autentificacià ³n de documentos de matrimonios celebrados en el extranjero Dependiendo del uso que se quiera dar dentro de Estados Unidos al certificado de matrimonio de celebrado en otro paà ­s es posible que se necesite una autentificacià ³n, que puede ser de dos tipos. En primer lugar, un sello que se conoce como  apostilla de la Haya. La mayorà ­a de los paà ­ses de habla hispana forman parte del Convenio de la Haya y ese sello es el que se necesita para legalizar el certificado de matrimonio que se desea utilizar en Estados Unidos. En segundo lugar, para los paà ­ses que no forman parte de este convenio ser necesario obtener una certificacià ³n de legalidad. Cabe destacar que, para trmites con el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), por regla general es suficiente una traduccià ³n certificada y no se exige la apostilla de la Haya.  ¿Bodas en embajadas y consulados  de EE.UU.? Ni los cà ³nsules ni ningà ºn oficial de las oficinas diplomticas de los Estados Unidos est autorizado para celebrar bodas en el extranjero. Por ello, sà ³lo en casos muy excepcionales es posible que un matrimonio tenga lugar en el edificio de una embajada o un consulado. Sin embargo, en algunos casos los consulados sà ­ que prestan un servicio necesario cuando algunos paà ­ses se exige por parte del contrayente extranjero una declaracià ³n jurada de que tiene la capacidad legal para contraer matrimonio. Este tipo de declaraciones se pueden prestar ante un oficial consular americano que tienen poder para actuar como notarios pà ºblicos en el extranjero. Traer al cà ³nyuge extranjero a vivir a Estados Unidos El matrimonio con un ciudadano americano o residente, por sà ­ solo, no da derecho a viajar a Estados Unidos ni a permanecer en el paà ­s para a vivir y trabajar. Si la intencià ³n del nuevo matrimonio es vivir en EE.UU, el cà ³nyuge estadounidense o el residente permanente debe pedir una tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio para su esposo o mujer y tambià ©n para los hijastros, si se cumplen condiciones estrictas de edad. Adems, los ciudadanos estadounidenses –pero no los residentes– tienen la opcià ³n de solicitar una visa K-3  para su cà ³nyuge y una K-4 hijos o hijastros en vez de seguir el proceso ordinario de peticià ³n de cà ³nyuge. En realidad estas son unas visas muy poco utilizadas y solo son convenientes cuando los plazos de tramitacià ³n de la peticià ³n ordinaria de la green card para cà ³nyuge de ciudadano son muy largos. En estos casos siempre es mejor estar aconsejado por un abogado migratorio. En los casos de cà ³nyuge extranjero fuera de EE.UU. y ciudadano o residente en los EE.UU. existe la tentacià ³n de que en vez de iniciar un proceso de peticià ³n de la green card el cà ³nyuge extranjero ingrese como turista a los Estados Unidos y luego solicitar un ajuste de estatus para obtener la green card. Esa opcià ³n no es la correcta desde el punto de vista migratorio y puede dar lugar a que no se le permita el ingreso al paà ­s y se le expulse en el puesto de control migratorio o, si consigue ingresar, no se le apruebe la peticià ³n de green card. Esto es asà ­ porque se puede considerar que ingresà ³ al paà ­s en fraude de ley al utilizar un estatus de turista cuando su intencià ³n era ingresar a EE.UU. para quedarse. En estos casos la intencià ³n es fundamental y es recomendable aconsejarse con un abogado para evitar problemas con el USCIS cuando se presente la solicitud de la green card. Finalmente, cabe destacar que en los casos en los que el  ciudadano  que desea traer a vivir a Estados Unidos a su esposo extranjero puede tener problemas muy particulares si el estadounidense siempre o en los à ºltimos aà ±os ha residido fuera de los Estados Unidos. El problema es que podrà ­a ser difà ­cil probar medios econà ³micos suficientes para patrocinar, tal y como lo pide la ley. Adems, para pedir los papeles se exige que el patrocinador resida o tenga como residencia principal los EE.UU. Condicionalidad de la green card En muchos casos, la green card que se obtiene por matrimonio con un ciudadano es condicional por dos aà ±os. Es lo que se conoce como CR-1. En estos casos se exige activamente levantar la condicionalidad.  Esto ocurre cuando la residencia se otorga antes de que la pareja lleve dos aà ±os de casados. Por el contrario, si el cà ³nyuge extranjero de un ciudadano obtiene su tarjeta de residencia despuà ©s de haber cumplido el segundo aniversario de casado su visa de inmigrante es una IR-1 y es definitiva, es decir, no necesita levantar ninguna condicionalidad. Matrimonios de conveniencia Las autoridades migratorias son conscientes de que a veces los matrimonios son una farsa y su à ºnico objetivo es obtener la green card. Cuando se llega a esa conclusià ³n puede haber consecuencias serias. Adems, durante la tramitacià ³n de los papeles puede suceder que se lleven a cabo investigaciones para intentar determinar si el matrimonio es real y siempre existe el riesgo de una denuncia anà ³nima sobre la finalidad del matrimonio. Test de respuestas mà ºltiples Para entender la green card, cà ³mo obtenerla, obligaciones, derechos, cà ³mo conservarla y cà ³mo es posible perderla por cancelacià ³n es importante tener los conocimientos bsicos.   Este test de respuestas mà ºltiples es muy aconsejable ya que el conocimiento evita meterse en problemas de los que luego es difà ­cil salir. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Exam III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam III - Essay Example Concentration of several institutions serving the early settlers made the San Antonio quite important to the early settlers and the town evolved to become the capital of Texas in the early 1770s (Arreola, 1987). However, the San Antonio had grown into a city by early 1811 following the influx of Mexican and Spanish settlers and served as a special border town during the colonial period. Due to this fact of being a border town, its sovereignty changed several times in the early eighteenth century. According to Arrelola (1987) San Antonio was first Spanish; it then became a part of Mexican republic in early 1920s and finally a city in the Republic of Texas in 1930s what would later make it statehood in the United States in 1840s. As the time passed by, the population of this city doubled and the Mexicans continued to represent quite a significant proportion of the population of San Antonio (Meier & Ribera, 1994). In 1930s, San Antonio’s population was reported to be plainly dominated by Mexican. The Mexicans were later joined by the Americans, Germans, Irish and French immigrants who also became inhabitants of this city (Arreola, 1997). Following the intermarriages between the different individuals, the separateness of the ethnic groups became the order of the day with Mexicans reducing to approximately forty six percent of the entire population of the city. Even though the Mexican population of the town continued to decline through the 19th and 20th centuries, the nearness of the city to Mexico and the fact that among the early inhabitants were Mexicans helped the city grow as an important Mexican cultural city in United States by being the best location of settlement of the Mexican immigrants into the US (Arreola, 1997). In 1980s, the development of the railway network system across America and it connection to Mexico further shortened the distance between Mexico and the Central and Southern

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 356

Assignment Example In such circumstances, NSAIDs and Acetaminophens are the most common drugs used in pain relieving incidences. Despite their similar use in pain relieving, NSAIDs and Acetaminophens differ significantly. Some of the differences between the two grug classes include the aspect that NSAIDs have worse side effects, which requires for reduced exposure in terms of time while Acetaminophens have fewer side effects and as such can regularly be used for pain relieving activities (Arcy and Marmo 42). Considering the differences in mode of action of different drugs, different drugs are used in response to occurrences of various symptoms. Acetaminophen as a pain reliever is best utilized in the treatment of symptoms involving heartaches, headaches, and backaches. Naproxen on its part is best used in the treatment of symptoms such as painful periods, arthritis, gout, and joint inflammatory disease that occurs both in children and adults. Aspirin, which happens to be the most common NSAIDs, is best used in the treatment of inflammation of the heart with rheumatic fever rheumatic fever, and Kawasaki disease. Ibuprofen on its part works in an almost similar manner to aspirin in symptoms treatments, which involve painful periods, joint inflammatory disease in children and young adults, and rheumatoid

How Does Relationship Marketing Affect Customer Retention in Banking Essay

How Does Relationship Marketing Affect Customer Retention in Banking - Essay Example The researcher states that traditionally there were few government regulated nationalized banks, so banks did not compete to grab customers. The customers were loyal to the banks they went to and it carried on for generations. However, with the increasing number of private banks, the competition in the market has increased. The private banks are offering lucrative financial products along with basic banking facilities. The services are prompt, the procedure is short and fast, which has reduced the problems and increased the operational efficiency of the banks. The concepts of relationship marketing would be discussed in the context of the banking industry. Now the major objective of this study is to identify the significance of relationship marketing, its application, and usage in case of the banking industry. This will assist in informing the readers about the relationship marketing approaches that banks utilize to retain the customers. Since customers have more options, so they kee p switching from one bank to another for short-term profits. The banks now do not depend on customer loyalty; rather they wish to focus on customer retention through customer satisfaction. Keeping in mind the research hypothesis and the objectives of the study, a critical review of the literature would be done, which would assist in understanding the role relationship marketing and technology in the banking industry because technology has acted as a catalyst for relationship marketing to grow in the country.... ature would be done, which would assist in understanding the role relationship marketing and technology in the banking industry because technology has acted as a catalyst for relationship marketing to grow in the country (Bergstrom and Bresnahan, 1996). Literature Review Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing can be defined as a way of marketing that can be developed through direct marketing campaigns, as this will assist in focusing on customer satisfaction and their retention, rather than just concentrate on sales. Relationship marketing is somewhat different from other types of marketing strategies because it considers having long-term relationship with the customers, which will extend beyond the level of general promotion (Bharadwaj, Varadarajan, and Fahy, 1993). As the name suggests, relationship marketing deals with relationship building. In the present times, advancement of technology and growth of mobile and internet platforms has assisted relationship marketing to evo lve and collaborate with the social communication channels. There are many tools which are applied by organizations to maintain strong relationship with the customers (Chang, Chan, and Leck, 1997). In the banking industry, the marketing environment has undergone tremendous change. This is primarily due to changing government policies. The advancing technology has also intensified the competition. These factors have resulted in development of new challenges and behaviours. The loyalty of the customers towards a particular bank has declined due to the increasing level of competition in the industry (Ennew, and Binks, 1996). Nowadays the customers get more number of options and better offers, and the other reason is that the customers prefer to use more than one financial institution in order

An Allied Health Professional Health And Social Care Essay

An Allied Health Professional Health And Social Care Essay A profession can be defined as a unified occupational group, with a standardized training, high social standing, acquisition of approved qualification, legal protection and political recognition. (Morrell, 2001) The professional standards mean that knowledge and skills acquired can be applied for the delivery of a quality service. Professionals, who work in the allied medical professions, play an important role in health care services. Most of allied medical professions involve a high level of technical skill and are well trained through specialized programs. They must be certified by a professional licensing board and continue their education to keep up with latest advances in technologies and techniques. (Turnbull, et al., 2009, p27) Definition of allied health professions include health professions that require registration by law to practice or licensure, or admission to a relevant professional body, and usually all allied health professions require a degree or higher qualification. They work in health care teams to make the healthcare system function by providing a range of diagnostic, technical, therapeutic and direct patient care and support services that are critical to the other health professionals they work with and the patients they serve. (Agency Health Professional Reference Group, 2003) Allied health professionals are any medical professionals other than doctors and nurses, who are involved with the delivery of health services relating to the identification, evaluation, prevention and treatment of diseases and disorders; dietary and nutrition services; rehabilitation and health systems management, continuing patient-care and quality-of-life services to patients in collaboration with clinical departments. The precise titles and roles in the allied health professions may different from country to country. In Australia In Australia, Allied Health Professions Australia (AHPA) is the national peak body for allied health professionals. AHPA defines that allied health professionals are required to complete recognized Bachelor of Science or Applied Science degrees. It enable them to obtain State/Territory registration, license or accreditation to practice, or eligible to join the relevant professional association, before being legally entitled to work. The members mainly include audiologists, chiropractors, dietitians, exercise physiologists, occupational therapists, orthoptists, orthotists and prosthetists, osteopaths, pharmacists, podiatrists, psychologists, radiographers, radiation therapists and sonographers, social workers and speech pathologists. They must often prove their skills through diplomas, certified credentials, and continuing education. Overall, allied health disciplines include clinical healthcare professions distinct from medicine, dentistry, nursing and medical scientists (Allied heal th professions Australia, 2008). In 2006, Services for Australian Rural and Remote Allied Health (S.A.R.R.A.H) proposed some criteria for allied health professional workforce in order to fulfill health policy development. The health professionals must be graduated from an accredited degree course of recognized university. They can apply their skills and knowledge to assist patients to restore and maintain optimal physical, sensory, psychological, cognitive and social function. They should be recognized by State or Territory registration, licensure or accreditation to practice, or registration in the relevant professional association. Allied health professionals collaborate with other health professional workforce, community or work as part of a multidisciplinary team to achieve the best function of health system. (Lowe, Adams OKane, 2007). The Australian Institute of Medical Scientists (AIMS) is another professional association representing medical scientists. Professional membership of the association is recognized by employers as indicating professional status. AIMS conducts scientific meetings, conferences and seminars at national, state and local levels, all of these can keep the continued professional development of members of the profession. (Australian Institute of Medical Scientists, 2010) However, in rural and remote areas, the cost of such continuing education is particularly high. The medical scientists in rural communities are faced with particular problems in attempting to upgrade their skills to keep pace with rapidly developing of new technologies. On the other hand, after graduation from a recognized university, the medical scientists need on-the-job training that may lead to differing standards of training depending on the competence laboratories or small laboratories in rural area. Under the limited resource in small laboratories, particularly in rural area, only part time medical scientists or technicians are employed. They are difficult to maintain and apply their skills to develop new technologies. By the way, allied health professions in Australia are not uniformly required to be registered to practice. Poor salaries and poor career path reflect low professions value and low professional status. (Australian Institute of Medical Scientists, n.d.) In USA In USA, the allied health professions are used to identify a cluster of health professions. There are over 6 million allied health care providers in the U.S. and over 200 allied health careers, who work in more than 80 different professions and represent approximately 60% of all health care providers. There are two types of allied health professionals: Technicians and Therapists. Technicians receive two years training and often need to report to Therapists or Technologists. Therapists/Technologists receive 4 to 6 years training and their minimum educational requirement is a bachelors degree or higher. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), medical scientists are within the range of allied health professions. (American medical association, 2010) The following are allied health categories defined by the U.S. Office of Education: (Douglas, 2004) Administration Dental Services Diagnostic and Treatment Services Medical Laboratory Technologies Mental Health or Human Services Miscellaneous Allied Health Services Nurse-related Services Rehabilitation and Related Services Allied Health, New Emerging Fields In UK In UK, Health Professions Council (HPC) is the regulator of 15 health professions: Arts therapists, biomedical scientists, chiropodists/ podiatrists, clinical scientists, dietitians, hearing aid dispensers, occupational therapists, operating department practitioners, orthoptists, paramedics, physiotherapists, practitioner psychologists, prosthetists/ orthotists, radiographers, speech and language therapists. (Health profession council, 2010) HPC assess the professional standards of biomedical scientists or clinical scientists. Registration with the HPC is mandatory to be able to work for biomedical scientists or clinical scientists who have similar job nature to medical scientists. (Health profession council, 2010) A competence biomedical or clinical scientist applies scientific methods to maintain the efficacy, quality and safety in diagnosis and treatment. They perform research and develop new diagnosis method or treatment for patients. They can communicate good with patients or other health profession by providing professional scientific and clinical advices. They have clear mind for problem solving and management. (Badrick, 2007) In Hong Kong In Hong Kong, Hospital Authority (HA) has allied health division that includes several career opportunities: Assistant social worker officer, audiology technician, clinical psychologist, dental hygienists, department manager/ general manager (allied health), dietitian, dispenser, medical laboratory technologists, scientific officer(medical), mould laboratory technician, occupational therapist, optometrist, orthoptist, pharmacist, physicist, physiotherapist, podiatrist/ chiropodist, prosthetist-orthotist, radiographer, sonographer and speech therapist. (Hospital authority, 2010) All allied health services departments under the division work as a team based on unity and mutual support to achieve its goals of doing the best possible quality patient care, complementing that provided by clinical departments. The continuous quality improvement with all departments can demonstrate commitment to quality patient services in accordance with the hospitals mission of providing patient-centered quality service and encouraging patients participation in the treatment and rehabilitation process. All allied health services departments undergo reviews of work or care processes and make incremental improvements. To enhance allied health services staffs professional expertise and academic qualification, exchange and training relationship with academic institutes has been established. In particular, Departments of Dietetics, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Biomedical Science and Podiatry are respectively the clinical education centres of Hong Kong University, Hong Kong Chinese Univers ity, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and California College of Podiatric Medicine (USA) respectively. Medical scientists in Hong Kong are also known as scientific officers who work in Allied Health Division of hospital laboratory, reference laboratory, private clinical laboratory or universities. They have at least 5 years working experience in hospital laboratories or clinical related field. Most of them are promoted from experienced medical laboratory technologist with Ph.D.- M.D. qualifications. They must be registered by Medical Laboratory Technologists Board under Supplementary Medical Professions Ordinance, which is responsible for promote adequate standards of professional practice and professional conduct among registered medical laboratory technologists. (The Supplementary Medical Professional Council, 2010) Medical Scientists Nature of work In Great Britain, USA, Canada and most countries, medical scientists are considered as being allied health professionals who mainly work in hospital laboratories, private pathology laboratories and universities. They usually specialize in the professional disciplines such as clinical biochemistry, hematology, blood transfusion, immunology, histopathology, cytology, microbiology and virology. Medical scientists assist doctors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Medical scientists conduct research focused on advancing medical treatments and improving human healthcare in order to find out the causes of and the treatments for disease. They analyze data, write reports or articles to present their findings. Medical scientists may teach medical principles and lab procedures to staff, supervise the duties of clerical, statistical, or laboratory staff and can provide instruction and advice to other health professionals. They aim to develop policies to improve public health and oversee public health programs. (Australian visa bureau, 2010) Training, qualifications, and advancement Since medical scientists work in advanced scientific research and knowledge of human health, they should have advanced education in bachelors degree program in biological sciences and then enroll in a university Ph.D. program in the biological sciences or a joint Ph.D.-M.D. program at a medical college. Higher qualifications with on-job training can help improve employment prospects in the medical science field. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010-2011) By the way, the participation in ongoing Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is a responsibility of a medical scientist for advancement of knowledge and skills. Medical scientists should be able to work independently and communicate clearly. So, they may promote into managerial positions. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010-2011) Licensure Medical scientists need to interact medically with patients. So, they must be licensed and must graduate from an accredited medical school. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010-2011) The professional associations and licensing bodies have a primary role in guaranteeing the quality of health care services. Licensure legislation ensures that laboratory personnel possess appropriate academic and clinical training, pass competency-base examinations and participate in continuing education programs. (American society of clinical pathology, 2005) However, medical scientists in some states of Australia are not considered as allied health professionals. It is because variation in the inclusion or exclusion of professions under the umbrella term of allied health may fluctuate in relation to the goal of the collaborative exercise, political expediency, the clinical setting and the source or purpose of the identification level. (Struber, 2004) Professional Status of Medical Scientists Medical Scientists are prestige persons who do the research on diseases, develop vaccines and assist doctors to make diagnosis and treatments. Most of them are working in the hospital laboratory or private clinical laboratory under Medical Officer and Medical Consultant. A Ph.D. and M.D. in a biological science is the minimum education requirement for medical scientists. Moreover, Continuing Professional Development Scheme (CPD) is set up that recognizes continuing education, formal courses and a wide range of professional activities that can maintain the professional skills and professional growth. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010-2011) Medical scientists must in compliance with the code of practice, good laboratory practice and good clinical practice. They need to register in accredited associations with license. (American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, 2006) According to the comparison of training, career structure and professional role, medical scientists are equal to or even better than other allied health professions. The job nature always lies between the diagnostic/technical domain in allied health and scientific domain in science. (Government of South Australia, 2008) From my point of views, medical scientists use scientific research, their knowledge and skills for the delivery health to the identification, evaluation and prevention of diseases and disorders. So, I think medical scientists should be included in the allied health professionals. Therefore, in Australia, improvement for public recognition and acceptance can improve the status of profession for medical scientists. Nobody knows who responsible for the research to find causes of and treatments for disease. (McGregor Moriarty, 2003) Registration and licensure are needed. By the way, medical scientists must follow the instructions from the doctor and this may loss of resp ect from public. Medical scientists must increase autonomy although automation in laboratory has been developed.. They need to join some unity to gain strong identity and promote recognition of the group. Increase remuneration is equal to increase the status of medical scientists, recognition and respect because we have money to upgrade our skills with continuing education and high morale for a high quality health system.